In the digital age, identity verification is crucial for accessing a wide range of services. The application of digital identity cards in Uganda, known as Ndaga Muntuit was a step towards modernizing identification procedures and improving service delivery.
However, development has not been without challenges, particularly in terms of surveillance and exclusion of marginalized groups.
About the Ndaga Muntu system
The Ndaga Muntu system, introduced by National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA) in 2015, aimed to provide a secure and efficient method of identification for Ugandans. Digital identity cards contain biometric data and personal information, which are necessary for participation in the social, political and economic life of the country.
The benefits of such a system are manifold, including improved access to government services, banking and voting.
Bad use of cards
Despite these advantages, concerns have been raised about the potential for misuse of personal data and violation of privacy rights. ONE study by the African Center for Media Excellence (ACME) suggests that the implementation of biometric and digital identity programs in Uganda has facilitated increased surveillance, affecting journalism and media freedoms. This raises questions about the balance between national security and individual privacy.
Additionally, the design and implementation of Ndaga Muntu has been criticized for exacerbating social exclusion.
Reports indicate that some groups, particularly persons with disabilities, faced difficulties during the registration process due to the requirement of biometric data such as fingerprints. This “exception by design” approach. has resulted in a significant portion of the population being unable to obtain their digital identities, thereby denying them access to basic services and civic participation.
Lawsuits against the Government
The situation has led to legal action, with three charities in Uganda suing the government over the digital ID scheme. They argue that systemic flaws have led to more than a third of adults being excluded from accessing critical services and are calling for government services to be disconnected from the digital system until the issues are resolved.
System cost
Uganda signed its first agreement on biometric IDs in 2010, with the German technology company Mühlbauer. This was later found by the parliamentary inquiry the 80 million dollars the deal circumvented government procurement rules because the bidding process was not competitive.
A surveillance state?
Bloomberg detailed in his latest report how authorities and police appear to have ad hoc access to the NIRA system to monitor political opponents and journalists.
While digital IDs can provide convenience and efficiency, they must be implemented with a strong commitment to inclusion, privacy, and public trust. As Uganda continues to address these challenges, it serves as a case study for other nations considering similar digital transformations.
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